Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Review of pictures of poker hands::What Year Was the Film 5 Card Stud Made







Review of pictures of poker hands::What Year Was the Film 5 Card Stud Made








Ten               days               before               trial,               and               after               learning               that               the               client               has               been               neglected,               Mickey               finds               his               longtime               friend               and               colleague               passed               out               drunk               on               the               floor               in               his               office.

Shaking               his               head               and               muttering,               "Aw,               Frankie,"               Mickey               drags               his               friend               over               to               his               office               couch               and               lectures               him               at               the               first               sign               of               consciousness.

Fed               up               after               sending               some               promising               business               to               his               struggling               friend               and               carrying               the               bulk               of               the               casework               for               a               year               and               a               half,               he               laments               to               his               semi-conscious               friend,               "I               got               you               a               good               case.

It's               a               money               maker.

If               you               do               it               right,               it               will               take               care               of               you."               As               Frank               comes               around,               Mickey               pointed               out               to               him,               "I               got               these               people               to               trust               you."               To               which               Frank               responds,               "What               are               you,               my               nanny?"[1]               Such               entertaining               banter               is               characteristic               of               the               relationship               dynamic               between               a               lead               character               and               his               trusted,               longtime               friend               and               colleague--his               "sidekick"               supporting               character.

An               effective               device               in               many               courtroom               dramas,               the               sidekick               character               can               wear               many               hats,               ranging               from               helping               to               develop               a               main               character               and               further               a               film's               storyline,               to               adding               injections               of               levity               in               a               tense               courtroom               drama.

More               specifically,               with               respect               to               a               courtroom               drama's               messages               about               morality,[2]               the               legal               system,               legal               ethics,[3]               and               justice,[4]               the               sidekick               can               be               instrumental               in               illuminating,               articulating               and               reinforcing               the               film's               message               while               balancing               viewpoints               and               connecting               the               audience               to               the               film.

At               times               this               character               serves               as               a               trusted,               streetwise               colleague.

At               other               times,               the               sidekick               is               a               sort               of               guardian               angel               to               the               protagonist.

Although               it               is               the               main               character               who               must               ultimately               decide               how               to               tackle               the               tough               ethical[5]               issues               at               hand               (or               else               risk               losing               credibility               and               strength               with               the               audience),               whether               justice               is               served               and               the               film's               moral               battle               is               won               can               depend               on               the               sidekick               character's               contribution.
               The               audience               usually               sees               the               sidekick               depicted               as               a               trusted,               longtime               friend               and               colleague               of               the               attorney's.

This               character               relates               to               the               protagonist               with               a               closeness               of               two               people               who               have               been               in               the               legal               trenches               together               and               have               developed               a               deep               level               of               respect               for               one               another.

The               sidekick               serves               as               a               reasonable,               reliable               sounding               board.

He               advises               the               lead               character               while               he               informs               the               audience,               raising               issues               and               anticipating               audience               questions               and               viewpoints.

He               supplies               additional               points               of               view,               providing               a               more               balanced,               well-rounded               film               message,               and               anticipating               the               moral               issues               that               the               audience               may               be               considering.

The               sidekick               is               a               voice               of               reason.

He               assists               the               main               character               in               addressing               moral               and               ethical               dilemmas               while               they               philosophize               about               justice,               and               he               utilizes               his               sense               of               ethics               and               morality               and               to               further               the               cause               at               hand.

This               character               is               effective               when               the               audience               can               trust               what               the               sidekick               has               to               say               while               viewing               the               interaction               between               the               lead               and               the               sidekick,               and               can               connect               with               him.

The               audience               can               trust               the               sidekick               because               he               provides               a               reasonable               viewpoint,               sometimes               echoing               the               audience's               viewpoint.

Furthermore,               when               the               audience               sees               the               protagonist               relying               on               his               colleague               for               information,               advice,               and               support,               the               sidekick               gains               credibility.

Additionally,               by               aiding               and               even               at               times               protecting               the               protagonist,               the               sidekick               also               saves               the               cause               the               protagonist               is               fighting               for               and               preventing               further               injustice.

A               discussion               of               the               sidekick's               role               in               the               following               films               illustrates               how               the               sidekick               can               help               further               the               themes               of               justice               and               morality               in               courtroom               dramas.
               Jagged               Edge
               In               Jagged               Edge,[6]               Teddy               Barnes               is               pressured               by               her               firm's               partners               to               take               this               case               in               order               to               retain               the               special               client's               business.

Because               Jack               is               such               a               valuable               client,               Teddy's               superiors               at               the               firm               insist               that               she               take               this               criminal               defense               case               and               offer               her               a               partnership,               even               though               she               quit               criminal               work               after               prosecuting               and               convicting               Henry               Stiles,               an               innocent               man,               who               ended               up               hanging               himself               in               jail               and               now               "go[es]               out               of               her               way               to               not               be               familiar               with               criminal               cases."
               Jack               Forrester               is               accused               of               brutally               murdering               his               heiress               wife.

It               is               suggested               through               comparison               with               Teddy's               past               controversial               case               (where               the               poor               black               defendant               she               prosecuted               was               wrongfully               convicted)               that               the               legal               system               operates               such               that               the               wealthy               can               afford               not               only               top               representation               but               preferential               treatment               and               maneuverability               within               it.

And               while               the               guilty               could               go               free               if               they               can               afford               talented               representation,               the               innocent               can               be               wrongly               convicted               if               they               cannot.

Attorneys               in               the               movie               are               depicted               as               personally               or               politically               driven.

When               Tom               Krasny               was               running               for               the               District               Attorney's               office               during               the               controversial               Stiles               trial,               his               political               ambitions               caused               him               to               act               in               his               own               best               interests               rather               than               in               the               interest               of               justice.

The               judge               presiding               over               Jack's               trial,               who               is               depicted               as               very               dignified               and               honorable,               suggests               that               the               legal               system               sleaze               stops               at               the               lawyer               level               and               that               the               judges               keep               the               system               from               going               completely               off               track               by               keeping               the               legal               system               operating               as               it               was               intended,               "A               man's               life               is               at               stake               here.

Not               headlines.

Not               careers."               The               judge               is               tough               and               goes               by               the               book:               "Don't               question               ethics               in               my               chambers               without               the               evidence               to               back               it               up."
               Teddy               is               grappling               with               several               ethical               issues.

She               lives               with               the               guilt               of               being               responsible               for               wrongfully               convicting               Henry               Stiles               four               years               earlier               due               to               evidence               concealed               by               her               former               colleague               Krasny               in               the               DA's               office[7],               who               now               has               his               sights               set               on               the               Senate.
               This               is               the               case               that               caused               her               to               quit               the               DA's               office               and               switch               to               corporate               law.

Morally,               she               is               having               difficulty               handling               Jack's               defense               because               she               does               not               want               to               defend               a               killer               but               is               ethically               bound               unless               he               perjures               himself.[8]               Teddy's               moral               dilemma               is               the               struggle               to               represent               a               client               whose               innocence               she               doubts.

Her               distress               speaks               to               the               film's               criticism               of               our               adversary               system.

She               also               became               romantically               involved               with               her               client,               compromising               herself               ethically,               as               well.[9]
               Before               she               agrees               to               defend               Jack,               Teddy               calls               upon               trusted               investigator               and               longtime               friend,               Sam,               "the               best               investigator               the               DA's               office               ever               had."               The               audience               can               easily               glean               from               the               mutual               respect               that               exists               between               Teddy               and               Sam               that               their               familiar               and,               at               times,               crass,               rapport               is               that               of               a               genuine,               trusting               friendship.

Sam               points               out               that               Teddy's               guilt               over               the               Stiles               case               is               her               motivation               for               defending               Jack,               which               proves               to               be               a               dead-on               observation,               since               she               later               admits               to               Jack               after               he               "played               her"               that               she               didn't               want               to               be               used               anymore               and               took               the               case               "to               clean               herself               off."               Though               he               is               suffering               from               the               same               guilt               and               wants               to               close               the               door               on               the               Stiles               case               rather               than               seek               redemption               and               make               sure               justice               is               served               in               another               criminal               case,               he               agrees               to               help               her               on               the               Forrester               case.
               Sam               uncovers               evidence               for               Teddy,               while               advising               her               and               watching               out               for               her.

The               colorful               and               affectionate               dynamic               between               Teddy               and               Sam               demonstrates               how               Sam               is               both               a               protector               and               a               voice               of               reason               for               Teddy.

During               one               of               Sam's               late               night               drop-ins               at               Teddy's               home               to               update               her               on               their               witnesses,               Sam               treats               Teddy               like               a               daughter               and               warns               her               not               to               fall               for               Jack:               "He               wants               you               to               like               him               because               the               more               you               like               him,               the               harder               you'll               work               to               beat               the               rap               against               him....Just               reminding               you,               Sweetheart."
               Sam               is               also               Teddy's               ethical               conscience,               seemingly               speaking               on               behalf               of               the               audience's               unbiased               common               sense.

Additionally,               because               he               is               not               one               of               the               lawyers,               and               is               not               personally               or               politically               motivated               to               work               on               the               case,               his               values               remain               consistently               good               throughout               the               film.

While               urging               Teddy               not               to               allow               herself               to               be               romanced               and               manipulated               by               her               client,               he               cuts               through               her               romance-addled               rationalizations               and               warns               that,               after               months               of               surveillance,               Sam               truly               believes               that               Jack               killed               his               wife.
               Sam               is               a               soothsayer               as               well               as               a               moral               compass.

His               warnings               raise               the               audience's               suspicion               about               Jack's               guilt               and               show               how               big               the               risks               are               that               Teddy               keeps               taking.

It               is               to               Teddy's               detriment               that,               as               her               situation               with               Jack               becomes               increasingly               complicated               and               dangerous,               she               repeatedly               refuses               to               heed               Sam's               insights.

But,               Sam               is               still               there               to               console               her               when               his               theories               prove               true.

When               Teddy               discovers               in               Jack's               closet               the               typewriter               used               to               type               the               anonymous               tips               sent               to               her,               she               frantically               calls               Sam               instead               of               the               police.

Then               she               realizes               that               she               does               not               want               to               implicate               him               and               she               chooses               to               protect               herself               from               Jack,               who               is               on               his               way               to               her               house.

After               receiving               this               fearful               phone               call,               Sam               ran               to               her               aid               in               the               dramatic               final               scene.

Not               one               to               mince               words,               after               Teddy               shot               Jack               in               self               defense,               Sam               once               again               consoles               her:               "Fuck               him.

He               was               trash."
               The               Verdict
               The               Verdict               centers               on               Frank               Galvin,               an               ambulance               chaser               who               represents               people               of               limited               means               suing               a               hospital               for               negligence               resulting               in               their               sister's               coma.
               The               film               negatively               depicts               lawyers               as               smarmy               and               money               grubbing,               with               a               high-profile               law               firm               fringing               on               unethical               practices               because,               as               defense               attorney               Concannon               concisely               put               it,               "We               are               paid               to               win."               The               film               further               suggests               that               the               entire               legal               system               corrupt.

This               is               evident               through               the               actions               of               the               trial               judge,               who               inappropriately               interferes               with               Frank's               cross-examination               and               extends               favoritism               to               influential               lawyers               and               wealthy,               important               clients.
               Initially,               Frank               is               shown               scouring               obituaries               and               cruising               funerals               for               new               business,               oblivious               to               ethical               concerns.[10]               Frank               is               thoroughly               unethical,               particularly               when               soliciting               for               new               clients[11]               and               in               his               treatment               of               his               current               clients.[12]               When               he               is               not               completely               ignoring               them,               he               rejects               the               hospital's               settlement               offer               without               communicating               it               to               them               and               obtaining               their               instructions,               and               instead               exceeds               his               authority               and               presses               on               toward               trial.[13]
               After               visiting               the               comatose               victim               in               the               hospital,               Frank               is               affected               by               the               injustice               she               suffered,               and               pursuing               the               hospital               responsible               for               her               condition               becomes               a               moral               fight               for               Frank.

Although               he               still               uses               unethical               means               to               prepare               his               case,               such               as               fraudulently               misrepresenting               himself               on               the               phone               to               potential               witnesses               and               stealing               the               mail               of               a               hospital               nurse,               and               although               may               it               be               argued               that               he               is               more               personally               motivated               to               regain               his               lawyerly               spark               and               defeat               the               slick,               large               firm               representing               the               hospital               as               he               acts               contrary               to               his               clients'               wishes,[14]               it               may               also               be               argued               that               at               least               in               part,               Frank               is               spurred               on               morally.

Perhaps               because               he               suffered               injustice               himself               when               he               was               accused               of               jury               tampering,               he               seems               to               want               to               do               the               right               thing               by               way               of               a               legal               remedy               and               make               certain               the               hospital               is               held               responsible               for               its               negligence.
               It               is               Mickey               who               provides               Frank's               background               to               the               audience,               and               who,               by               trying               to               talk               some               sense               into               him,               highlights               Frank's               drive.

Mickey               reveals               the               circumstances               that               befell               Frank               which               caused               him               to               lose               faith               in               the               legal               system.

Mickey               describes               how               Frank               used               to               be               a               good               attorney               until               he               was               wrongly               accused               of               jury               tampering.

Shortly               thereafter,               he               started               drinking,               and               his               wife               left               him.
               Throughout               The               Verdict,               Mickey               reasons               with               Frank               by               giving               him               reality               checks               laced               with               tough               love.

Though               he               understands               what               caused               Frank's               downward               spiral,               as               shown               above               in               the               opening               scene               of               The               Verdict,               Mickey               is               done               enabling               Frank's               drinking               and               client               neglect,               and               reminds               Frank               of               the               legal               talent               he               possesses.
               A               scene               exemplary               of               how               the               sidekick               embellishes               the               protagonist's-and               the               film's-sense               of               morality               is               when               Frank               pulls               Mickey               out               of               a               lunchtime               poker               game               at               the               courthouse               and,               acting               on               Mickey's               earlier               pep               talk,               informs               him               that               he               turned               down               the               settlement:
               Mickey:               Are               you               out               of               your               mind?

You               need               my               help?!

You               need               a               
               goddamn               keeper!

Are               you               telling               me               you               turned               down               $210,000.00?

Huh?

What               are               you,               
               nuts?

What               are               you               going               to               do,               bring               her               back               to               life?
               Frank:               I'm               going               to               help               her.
               Mickey:               To               do               what?

To               do               what,               for               chrissakes?

Help               her               do               what?

She's               dead!
               Frank:               They               killed               her.

They're               trying               to               buy               her.
               Mickey:               That's               the               fucking               point,               Dummy.

You               let               them               buy               the               case!

That's               why               I               took               it.
               Frank:               You               said               if               not               now,               when?
               Mickey:               Not               now!
               Though               Mickey               implores               Frank               not               to               go               to               court               against               defense               counsel               Concannon,               "The               Prince               of               Darkness,"               Frank               insists               that               he               wants               to               try               the               case,               and               asks               Mickey               if               he               will               help               him.

Mickey               grimaces               and               nods,               and               soon               we               see               them               toiling               away               in               a               law               library,               discussing               precedent               and               studying               cases.

Loyal               despite               believing               that               the               case               was               over,               Mickey               goes               to               great               lengths               to               help               Frank               persevere.

In               order               to               immediately               notify               Frank               that               his               girlfriend               is               actually               a               mole               for               the               defense,               before               he               had               a               chance               to               confide               to               her               anything               else               about               the               case               strategy               or               their               new               key               witness,               Frank               flies               to               New               York               to               catch               him.
               By               arguing               with               Frank               to               give               up               while               reluctantly               supporting               him               in               his               underdog               fight               for               justice,               Mickey's               character,               much               like               Jan               Schlichtmann's               partners               in               A               Civil               Action,[15]               serves               to               draw               the               audience's               attention               to               and               emphasize               Frank's               efforts               and               moral               transformation.
               Anatomy               of               a               Murder
               Anatomy               of               a               Murder[16]               focuses               on               attorney               Paul               Biegler               and               his               approach               to               the               defense               of               Lieutenant               Manion,               who               murdered               a               man               after               he               allegedly               raped               the               Lieutenant's               wife.

The               movie               suggests               through               Paul's               defense               of               Lt.

Manion               that               our               legal               system               is               perhaps               unfair               and               unjust.

Paul's               courtroom               performance               exemplifies               how               the               adversary               system               allows               for               "truth"               to               become               obscured,               edited               and               detracted               from               when               being               presented               to               a               fact-finding               jury.

The               movie               also               characterizes               attorneys               as               focused               as               much               or               more               on               winning,               than               on               justice.

As               Daniel               Kaffee               said               in               A               Few               Good               Men,[17]               "This               is               about               a               sales               pitch.

It's               not               going               to               be               won               by               the               law;               it's               going               to               be               won               by               the               lawyers."
               The               relationship               between               Paul               and               his               longtime               friend               and               fellow               lawyer,               Parnell               Emmett               McCarthy,               is               established               through               the               opening               scene               of               the               movie,               when               the               two               meet               at               Paul's               house               to               have               a               drink               and               enjoy               an               evening               of               reading               Supreme               Court               opinions.

In               the               opening               scene,               Parnell               relates               to               Paul's               semi-retirement               but               has               no               qualms               about               voicing               concern               about               Paul's               drinking               and               wasted               talent.

A               concerned               friend               and               fellow               attorney               with               a               passion               for               the               law,               he               insinuates               that               Paul               has               been               drinking               too               much               and               licking               his               wounds,               and               has               not               been               the               same               since               he               lost               the               office               of               Public               Prosecutor.

This               conversation               not               only               sheds               light               on               Paul's               background,               but               suggests               that               Paul's               talent               is               going               to               waste               due               to               possible               political               injustice.

Right               at               that               moment,               the               phone               rings               concerning               the               challenging               defense               of               Lt.

Manion,               and               Parnell               urges               Paul               to               take               the               case.

Much               like               Mickey               in               The               Verdict,               Parnell               spurs               on               Paul,               confident               that               this               case               will               get               Paul               back               in               the               litigation               game.
               At               first,               Paul               grapples               with               whether               to               take               the               case,               and               does               so               following               the               encouragement               of               Parnell.

Over               lunch,               when               they               discuss               Paul's               initial               consultation               with               the               defendant,               Parnell               asks               Paul,               "Did               you               give               the               Lieutenant               the               well-known               lecture?"               Paul               responds,               "If               you               mean               did               I               coach               him               into               a               phony               story,               no."               After               Parnell               challenges               him               by               theorizing               "Maybe               you're               too               pure               Paul,               too               pure               for               the               natural               impurities               of               the               law,"               the               audience               learns               the               appreciative,               yet               critical,               slant               of               the               filmmaker's               views               toward               the               legal               profession.

Parnell               reminds               Paul               of               the               lawyerly               mindset               he               should               have,               rather               than               a               personal               distaste               for               the               facts               surrounding               the               case:               "Could               be               that               you               owe               the               Lieutenant               a               chance               to               find               a               defense.

Could               also               be               that               you               might               guide               him               a               little,               show               him               the               way               and               let               him               decide               if               he               wants               to               take               it."               Following               that               advice,               Paul               toes               the               ethical               line[18]               by               essentially               coaching               his               client               to               create               a               defense;               concerning               himself               primarily               with               presenting               his               client               in               the               best               light               to               the               jury.

Throughout               the               trial,               both               prosecution               and               defense               are               shown               focused               on               winning               their               game,               manipulating               and               distorting               the               facts               within               the               Rules               of               Evidence               and               on               the               edge               of               professional               responsibility.

Thus               it               is               Parnell's               influence               that               sets               the               tone               of               the               movie               and               helps               convey               its               message.
               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird
               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird[19]               portrays               upstanding,               idealistic               and               unrealistic               attorney               Atticus               Finch               defending               a               black               man               wrongly               accused               of               rape               in               a               deeply               prejudiced,               rural               southern               town               in               the               1930's.

One               of               the               movie's               main               messages               is               that               people               view               justice               and               the               power               of               the               legal               system               differently.

Atticus               is               at               odds               with               the               uneducated               townsfolk               who               settle               things               with               their               fists               and               their               shotguns               rather               than               intellectually               and               legally.

In               other               words,               there               is               a               disparity               between               legal               justice               and               vigilante               justice.
               During               this               era               in               the               Deep               South,               Atticus               is               unique.

He               ignores               social               politics               to               his               detriment               and               strictly               adheres               to               the               colorblind               ideals               of               justice,               placing               100%               of               his               faith               in               the               legal               system.

He               naively               believes               that               the               legal               system               ensures               justice.

He               is               so               ethically               rigid,               in               fact,               that               he               does               not               have               a               separate               set               of               morals               when               a               conflict               concerns               his               own               family.
               Atticus'               sense               of               morality               is               to               lead               by               example.

To               some               extent,               he               tries               to               impose               his               moral               values               on               those               around               him.

Though               aware               that               many               of               his               neighbors               are               uneducated               and               have               a               different               perception               of               good               moral               character,               he               seems               to               think               that               they               are               capable               of               change.

But               they               have               already               lived               and               experienced               injustices               of               their               own,               they               have               already               been               taught               to               be               prejudiced,               and               they               have               developed               their               own               sense               of               justice.

In               his               closing               argument               during               Tom               Robinson's               trial,               Atticus               makes               every               effort               to               present               a               well-reasoned               argument,               but               makes               no               effort               to               relate               to               the               simple               and               even               ignorant               people               he               is               lecturing               on               how               the               legal               system               in               this               country               is               "the               great               leveler"               when               the               people               want               to               punish               someone               because               one               of               their               own               claimed               she               was               raped.

They               are               used               to               taking               matters               into               their               own               hands.
               Sheriff               Tate,               a               respected               figure               Atticus               clearly               trusts,               is               the               supporting               character               who               advises               Atticus               on               the               delicate               treatment               of               each               situation               as               it               arises.

Understanding               the               gravity               of               the               racial               tension               in               the               community,               Sheriff               Tate               tries               to               keep               Tom               safe               in               the               jail               from               a               lynch               mob.

Responding               to               rumors,               he               visits               Atticus               to               warn               him               that               the               mob               might               inflict               their               own               ignorant,               vigilante[20]               sense               of               justice,               break               into               the               jail               and               kill               Tom.

It               is               through               these               actions               that               the               audience               sees               the               frightening               way               in               which               the               community               reacts               to               the               alleged               crime               against               a               white               neighbor               by               a               black               man.
               When               Scout               and               Gem               are               attacked               by               Bob               Ewell,               Gem               is               knocked               unconscious               and               Scout               cannot               identify               their               attacker               through               her               costume.

Following               the               attack,               when               deciding               their               course               of               action,               Atticus               automatically               begins               to               plan               out               loud               the               procedure               of               going               to               county               court               and               arguing               a               clear               cut               case               of               self-defense.

Sheriff               Tate               "pulls               rank"               and               implores               Atticus               to               bend               his               strict               adherence               to               legal               procedure               and               acclimate               to               their               social               context.

Here,               morals               dictate               justice.

Sheriff               Tate               describes               how,               in               reality,               the               justice               system               might               just               fail,               and               how               the               kids'               rescuer,               Boo               Radley,               might               be               punished               after               acting               heroically               in               the               kids'               defense.

As               he               put               it,               "Dragging               a               man               who               did               you               a               service               into               the               limelight               is               a               sin."               In               other               words,               the               sheriff               bluntly               points               out               that               what               should               happen               is               not               what               will               happen.

So               Sheriff               Tate               proposes               an               alternate               theory:               "Bob               Ewell               fell               on               his               knife.

He               killed               himself."               The               Sheriff               continues               to               explain               to               Atticus               that               he               should               reconsider               strictly               adhering               to               procedure               because               justice               has               already               been               served               through               an               equitable               result,               "There's               a               black               man               dead               for               no               reason.

Now               the               man               responsible               for               it               is               dead.

Let               the               dead               bury               the               dead               this               time,               Mr.

Finch."
               Thus,               Sheriff               Tate's               character               not               only               delivers               the               movie's               message,               but               supplies               an               additional               point               of               view,               by               tempering               Atticus'               idealism               with               streetwise               realism.

He               accomplishes               this               by               teaching               Atticus               that               exceptions               should               sometimes               be               made               and               that               adhering               to               the               letter               of               the               law               does               not               always               lead               to               a               just               result.

This               film,               like               The               Verdict               and               A               Few               Good               Men,               is               an               example               of               the               sidekick/protagonist               dynamic               influencing               the               protagonist's               change               in               his               perception               of               the               legal               system.

However,               in               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird,               Atticus'               evolution               goes               in               the               opposite               direction,               since               he               is               at               the               stage               where               he               needs               to               have               less               than               absolute               faith               in               the               legal               system,               while               Frank               and               Danny               reestablish               their               faith.
               A               Few               Good               Men
               Attorney               Daniel               Kaffee               learns               in               A               Few               Good               Men               that               there               is               honor               in               being               an               attorney               and               honor               in               being               a               member               of               the               military               as               he               defends               two               officers               who               stand               accused               of               murder,               conspiracy               to               commit               murder,               and               conduct               unbecoming               a               United               States               marine.

The               movie's               message               concerns               the               dissonance               between               what               is               moral               and               legal               in               our               society               at               large,               and               what               is               right               by               the               Code               the               military               follows.

The               Guantanamo               Bay               Unit               lives               by               the               official               Code:               Unit,               Corp.,               God,               Country.

Unofficially,               there               is               a               tradition               of               vigilante-style               justice               that               the               "Code               Red"               falls               under,               used               to               "train"               and               to               enforce               "Unit,               Corp.,               God,               Country."               A               Code               Red               responsible               for               the               death               of               the               victim               was               ordered               by               ambitious               Col.

Jessep               as               one               of               his               many               corrupt               cover-ups               in               order               to               keep               up               the               appearance               of               running               a               tight               ship,               so               to               speak,               and               to               ensure               his               appointment               as               Director               of               Operations               of               the               National               Security               Council               (another               example               of               politics               prevailing               over               the               law).

The               victim               merely               broke               the               chain               of               command               and               ended               up               losing               his               life.

Legally,               the               two               defendants               committed               a               crime,               while               they               wholeheartedly               believed               that               they               were               doing               their               jobs,               following               orders               passed               down               through               the               chain               of               command               and               acting               in               accordance               with               the               Code.

Their               logic               is               that,               if               they               were               adhering               to               the               Code,               they               did               nothing               wrong.
               The               movie               also               remarks               on               one's               duties               as               an               attorney.

Daniel               Kaffee               treats               his               military               JAG               job               as               though               he               were               a               student               advocate               on               a               college               campus,               coaching               softball               while               plea               bargaining               his               clients'               petty               crimes.

As               sidekick               character               Jo               suggests,               he               is               just               going               through               the               motions,               following               in               his               father's               footsteps,               "treading               water               until               he               moves               on               to               a               real               job."
               The               sidekicks               In               A               Few               Good               Men               are               emblematic               of               the               film's               two               points               of               view:               Lieutenant               Sam               Weinberg               represents               morality,               and               Lieutenant               Commander               JoAnne               Galloway               represents               the               military's               code               of               ethics.
               Sam               is               from               Kaffee's               office               and               is               assigned               co-counsel               to               Kaffee               because               of               his               trial               experience,               though               it               is               implied               that               he               is               to               baby-sit               loose               cannon               Kaffee               and               to               ensure               that               the               murder               case               is               handled               "by               the               book."               In               other               words,               since               Danny               treats               the               practice               of               law               and               about               being               a               marine               in               such               a               devil-may-care               manner,               Sam               is               teamed               with               him               to               ensure               that               procedure               and               legal               formalities               are               followed.
               Danny               relies               on               Sam               to               bring               him               up               to               speed               on               everything               from               Navy               procedure               to               the               recent               political               issues               concerning               Jessep               aiming               to               be               appointed               Director               of               Operations               of               the               National               Security               Council.

Since               Sam               is               also               more               laid               back               and               civilian               and               less               "fanatical"               about               being               in               the               military,               Sam               cuts               through               the               Code               and               focuses               on               the               morality               of               the               issue.

As               Sam               views               the               facts,               the               defendants               attacked               Private               Santiago               in               his               sleep,               they               should               have               known               better,               and               they               should               be               punished.

Danny               seeks               Sam's               advice               because               he's               unsure               of               how               to               proceed               since               he               has               noticed               some               case               details               that               do               not               add               up:               "Jack               Ross               offered               me               the               twelve               years.

It               took               45               seconds.

I               barely               put               up               a               fight."               When               Kaffee               asks               Sam               whether               he               believes               the               defendants'               story,               or               whether               they               should               be               found               guilty,               Sam               responds,               "I               believe               every               word               of               their               story               and               I               think               they               ought               to               go               to               jail               for               the               rest               of               their               lives."
               By               contrast,               Lieutenant               Commander               JoAnne               Galloway               ("Jo")               describes               herself               as               "possessing               not               only               the               legal               skill               but               a               familiarity               with               the               inner               workings               of               the               military."               She               is               passed               over               as               lead               counsel               primarily               because               she               is               "all               passion,               and               no               street               smarts."               But               Jo's               passion               for               justice               serves               to               motivate               and               inspire               Danny.
               Sam               and               Jo               debate               the               two               sides               for               the               audience:               honor               and               following               the               Code               v.

doing               what               one               personally               believes               is               right.

Sam               argues               that               the               defendants               should               have               known               better,               "that               any               decent               human               being               would               have               refused."               But               Jo,               the               would-be               military               interpreter               points               out               that               the               two               defendants,               as               officers,               were               not               permitted               to               question               orders.

Their               job               is               to               follow               orders,               period.

Sam               points               out               that               it               was               an               illegal               order.

And               they               continue               to               lock               horns               over               the               issue               throughout               the               movie.

Jo               asks               Sam,               "Why               do               you               hate               them               so               much?"
               He               angrily               replies,               "They               beat               up               on               a               weakling.

That's               all               they               did.

They               tortured               a               weaker               kid.

They               killed               him.

And               why?

Because               he               couldn't               run               very               fast.

Why               do               you               like               them               so               much?"
               Jo               explains,               "Because               they               stand               on               a               wall               and               they               say               'Nothing               is               going               to               hurt               you               tonight.

Not               on               my               watch.'"
               Danny's               transformation,               prompted               by               Sam               and               Jo,               is               from               a               cocky               and               dispassionate               lawyer               who               plea               bargains               on               the               softball               field,               to               one               who               does               everything               possible,               working               night               and               day,               to               ensure               that               his               clients               get               justice               and               that               the               truth               is               known.

The               audience               notes               this               transformation               in               part               from               the               accusations-turned-appraisals               from               both               Sam               and               Jo,               and               their               effects               on               Danny.

A               pivotal               scene               in               the               film               that               asserts               the               responsibility               to               be               a               zealous               advocate[21]               follows               a               heated               exchange               with               defendant               Dawson,               when               Danny               is               tempted               to               quit               the               case               and               have               new               counsel               assigned               (though               arguably               unprofessional[22]).

After               Danny               asks               Sam               how               to               withdraw               from               the               case,               the               two               mentor               sidekicks               team               up               and               trick               some               confidence               into               Danny:
               Jo               (to               Danny):               I               want               you               to               stand               up               and               make               an               argument.
               Sam:               An               argument               that               didn't               work               for               Calley               at               My               Lai;               an               argument               that               didn't               work               for               the               Nazis               at               Nuremberg....
               Danny:               Oh               for               Christ               sake,               Sam,               do               you               really               think               that's               the               same               as               two               teenage               Marines               executing               a               routine               order               that               they               never               believed               would               result               in               harm?

These               guys               aren't               the               Nazis!
               Jo:               Don't               look               now               Danny,               but               you're               making               an               argument.
               Jo,               through               impassioned               speeches,               motivates               Kaffee               by               bluntly               forcing               him               to               examine               his               duties               as               an               attorney,               including               representing               his               clients               to               the               best               of               his               ability[23],               as               well               as               his               duties               as               an               officer,               including               meeting               the               challenge               set               before               him               and               not               merely               taking               the               easy               way               out               by               copping               a               plea.

Jo,               in               a               sense,               dares               Danny               to               rise               to               the               occasion               by               practically               shaming               him:               "You               know               nothing               about               the               law.

You're               a               used               car               salesman,               Daniel.

You're               an               ambulance               chaser               with               a               rank.

You're               nothing.

Live               with               that."               While               Jo               insults               Danny               to               introspection,               Sam               offers               cool-headed               moral               support               and               legal               guidance.

The               result               of               both               sidekicks'               efforts               is               that               Danny               transforms               from               someone               who               just               did               his               job,               always               plea               bargained               and               never               entered               a               courtroom,               to               an               attorney               who               vigorously               defends               his               clients.
               The               Firm
               The               Firm[24]               provides               another               example               of               two               influences               on               the               protagonist,               but               unlike               A               Few               Good               Men,               the               two               influential               sidekick               characters               in               the               Firm               resemble               the               proverbial               angel               and               devil               sitting               on               the               shoulders               of               the               lead               character.
               The               movie               is               about               an               ambitious,               young               attorney               who               uncovers               corruption               and               murder               in               his               new               firm.

Mitch               McDeere               is               an               idealistic,               talented               recent               graduate               of               Harvard               Law.

He               is               ethically               sound,               yet               ambitious               and               motivated               by               money.

In               The               Firm,               the               field               of               law               is               portrayed               as               being               corrupt,               money-motivated               and               untrustworthy.

The               partners               of               the               firm               are               laundering               money               for               the               mafia               and               literally               getting               away               with               murder.
               Mitch's               moral               conflict               is               between               wanting               the               perfect               job               with               all               the               perks               and               knowing               in               his               gut               that               there               is               something               wrong               behind               the               impressive               façade               of               the               firm.

In               terms               of               legal               ethics,               once               the               true               nature               of               the               firm's               business               becomes               clear,               Mitch               wrestles               with               hard               choices               about               unappealing               alternatives               Mitch               lists               off               what               it               would               mean               to               cooperate               with               the               FBI:               "risking               my               life               stealing               files...testifying               against               my               colleagues...being               sent               to               jail...revealing               privileged               information,               breaking               the               law,               getting               me               disbarred               and               testifying               in               open               court               against               the               mafia."
               Mitch               is               also               grappling               with               the               moral               issue               of               protecting               his               family               from               both               the               firm               and               the               FBI.

In               the               movie,               the               FBI               is               shown               to               be               almost               as               dirty               as               the               mob               as               they               follow,               blackmail,               and               attempt               to               trick               Mitch.

The               firm               has               threatened               that               they               will               get               to               his               wife               and               his               brother.

The               FBI               could               indict               Mitch               as               a               co-conspirator.

Agent               Wayne               Tarrance               toes               the               ethical               line               and               threatens               Mitch               just               like               the               partners               at               the               firm               do.

The               audience               sees               during               a               conversation               between               Agent               Tarrance               and               his               superior               that               the               FBI               plans               on               reneging               on               the               deal               they               make               with               Mitch               to               release               his               brother               early               from               prison.

Mitch               cannot               trust               the               FBI               or               rely               on               protection               from               them.

Thankfully,               through               his               two               sidekicks,               he               learned               the               truth               about               the               firm               before               he               got               in               too               deep.
               Abby               McDeere               is               the               angel               on               Mitch's               shoulder.

She               acts               as               his               conscience.

Though               supportive               of               her               husband,               she               is               wary               of               this               seemingly               too               good               to               be               true               opportunity.

After               going               to               a               firm               party,               Mitch               asks               her               what               she               thinks.

Abby               replies,               "Weird               that               jobs               aren't               'forbidden'               and               children               are               'encouraged.'"               After               she               voices               her               concern,               her               suspicions               are               confirmed               with               the               next               scene,               which               shows               the               partners               and               head               of               security               Bill               Devasher               conducting               a               secretive               late-night               meaning               and               having               a               cryptic               conversation               about               how               they               have               to               "do               something."               When               Mitch               tries               to               argue               that               he               is               taking               the               job               to               provide               well               for               them,               she               rejects               his               rationalization:               "It's               about               a               mother               in               a               trailer               park               and               a               brother               you               pretend               you               don't               have."               Through               Abby,               the               audience               learns               Mitch               came               from               an               impoverished               background               which               spurs               his               ambition.

Abby's               voice               of               reason               tempers               Mitch's               gung-ho               excitement               as               she               level-headedly               points               out               red               flags               concerning               the               firm,               while               continuing               to               support               Mitch's               decisions               and               trying               to               enjoy               his               success.

By               doing               this,               she               not               only               balances               the               movie's               viewpoints               but               promotes               audience               confidence               in               Mitch's               character               as               well.
               Avery               Tolar               is               assigned               to               be               Mitch's               mentor               in               the               firm.

Avery               Tolar               acts               as               the               devil               on               Mitch's               shoulder,               encouraging               Mitch               to               fly               off               to               the               Cayman               Islands               and               blow               off               studying               for               the               bar               exam.

Avery               emphasizes               billables,               padding               fees,[25]               and               helping               the               rich               dodge               taxes               and               launder               money               through               offshore               accounts               in               the               Caymans.[26]               Over               a               martini               lunch,               Avery               explains               to               Mitch               that               success               means               to               "bend               law               as               far               as               you               can               without               breaking               it."               Avery               admits,               while               sipping               his               midday               drink,               that               because               he               makes               so               much               money               for               the               firm,               he               is               "allowed               a               few               minor               rebellions."               His               adherence               to               such               questionable               values               makes               Mitch               look               angelic.

Avery's               methods               are               emblematic               of               the               firm               and               the               negative               perception               of               attorneys               helping               the               rich               stay               rich               and               helping               criminals               get               off,               "The               difference               between               tax               avoidance               and               tax               evasion               is               a               game;               nothing               to               do               with               the               law."
               But               Mitch's               character               cannot               have               too               much               help               figuring               out               the               truth               behind               the               firm's               dealings               or               he               will               not               seem               so               quick               and               talented               to               the               audience.

So,               Abby's               insights               provide               just               subtle               hints               of               the               reality               of               the               situation.

She               is               a               sounding               board.

She               raises               questions               on               the               audience's               behalf.

When               Mitch               tells               her               that               he               found               out               the               truth               about               the               firm's               dealings,               she               asks               "What               will               you               do?"               which               prompts               Mitch               to               explain               his               ethical               dilemma:               that               he               would               be               revealing               clients'               secrets               and               risking               disbarment               even               though               morally               it               would               be               right               to               expose               the               corruption.

When               Mitch               is               sworn               in               as               an               attorney,               the               oath               is               emphasized               "to               maintain               the               confidence               and               preserve               inviolate               the               secrets               of               my               clients."               Trying               to               remain               both               alive               and               legally               ethical,               Mitch               negotiates               a               deal               with               the               FBI               on               his               own               terms               and               takes               control               because               he               senses               that               the               FBI               cares               more               about               getting               the               crooks               than               protecting               Mitch.

Then               he               flies               to               Chicago               and               meets               with               the               mafia               client,               reporting               overbilling               by               the               firm               and               using               invoices               as               proof.

He               does               not               waive               any               of               their               attorney-client               privilege[27]               by               handing               over               the               documents               to               the               government,               because,               like               it               or               not,               he               represents               these               criminals               and               is               bound               by               the               attorney-client               privilege.
               Mitch               is               guided               by               the               opposing               moral               forces               of               Abby               and               Avery.

Abby               keeps               Mitch               from               getting               carried               away               and               selling               his               soul               to               the               firm.

On               the               other               hand,               unlike               Obi               Wan               as               a               mentor               to               both               Anakin               and               Luke               Skywalker,               teaching               them               both               the               ways               of               The               Force[28],               Avery               underscores               Mitch's               ethical               soundness               by               being               an               unethical               mentor.

When               Mitch               asks               Abby               if               she               is               all               right               following               her               interlude               with               Avery,               she               responds               "Avery               was               decent...and               corrupt,               and               ruined,               and               so               unhappy               and               it               could've               happened               to               you,               all               of               it.

You               were               on               your               way."
               In               conclusion,               by               supporting               the               ethical               plight               of               the               protagonist,               the               sidekick               character               can               help               imbue               a               movie               with               the               filmmaker's               ideas               of               morality,               justice               and               legal               system.
               In               Jagged               Edge,               Sam               provides               the               same               wary               support               that               Abby               provides               in               The               Firm,               and               they               both               provide               background               information               on               the               lead               character.

By               explaining               the               protagonist's               back               story,               the               sidekick               not               only               explains               the               protagonist's               motivation               but               convinces               the               audience               that               the               lead               character               is               a               good               guy               worth               rooting               for.

The               audience               learns               from               Parnell               in               Anatomy               of               a               Murder               that               Paul               Biegler               is               a               talented,               well-respected               former               D.A.

In               The               Verdict,               Mickey               explains               to               the               audience               that               Frank               was               not               always               a               drunk               ambulance               chaser;               that               at               one               time               he               ethically               fought               the               good               fight               and               could               again.

The               supporting               actor               gives               credibility               to               the               lead,               so               while               he               may               advise               and               debate               issues               with               the               lead               character,               the               protagonist               remains               "strong"               by               ultimately               making               his               own               ethical               and               moral               decisions.

Furthermore,               by               pressing               on               and               ultimately               not               following               reasonable               advice               from               a               trusted               colleague,               like               Frank               did               in               The               Verdict,               the               importance               of               the               lead's               decision               is               underscored.
               In               Anatomy               of               a               Murder,               The               Verdict,               Jagged               Edge               and               A               Few               Good               Men,               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird,               and               The               Firm,               the               colleague               sidekick               is               the               one               who               explains               the               issues               to               the               protagonist               and               the               audience,               who               protects               the               protagonist,               provides               a               voice               of               reason               for               him,               and               who               assists               him               in               his               pursuit               of               justice               and/or               winning               the               case.

Through               explaining               the               details               of               the               case               and               providing               a               trusted               sounding               board               for               the               lead               character,               the               sidekick               illuminates               the               ethical               and               moral               issues               that               the               lead               must               face.
               A               Few               Good               Men               and               The               Verdict               are               both               illustrative               of               the               evolution               of               the               lawyer               lead               character               as               he               gets               back               to               the               heart               of               what               it               means               to               be               an               attorney               and               rediscovers               the               virtues               of               the               legal               system.

Conversely,               overly-idealistic               Atticus'               lesson               in               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird               is               to               reconcile               his               devotion               to               the               law               with               the               realities               of               society.
               In               Jagged               Edge               and               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird,               Sam               and               Sheriff               Tate               both               articulate               the               films'               messages               that               the               ends               justify               the               means               and               that               justice               is               not               necessarily               reached               in               a               court               of               law.

Also,               the               sidekicks               in               both               movies               provide               a               moral               constant               to               show               how               personal               involvement               in               the               legal               issues               can               shift               perception               of               justice               and               morality.
               These               films               share               the               message               that               attorneys               should               be               responsible               for               ensuring               that               the               legal               system               functions               as               it               was               intended               to               function,               and               that               it               not               be               thwarted               by               motivations               outside               of               the               pursuit               of               justice.

Many               of               these               films               theorize               that               the               real               problem               is               not               the               legal               system               itself,               but               how               the               interference               of               political               interests               is               what               is               responsible               for               the               erosion,               warping               and               corruption               of               the               legal               system.

In               A               Few               Good               Men               and               Jagged               Edge,               an               impending               election               drove               how               the               case               at               hand               was               dealt               with.

In               To               Kill               a               Mockingbird,               racial               tensions               during               a               time               of               great               legal               and               political               change               affected               the               community,               and,               by               extension,               the               jury,               affecting               the               case's               outcome               despite               following               the               letter               of               the               law.

Realistically,               attorneys               are               only               human               and               those               who               support               them               help               them               stay               the               course.

The               sidekicks               in               the               foregoing               movies               help               to               accomplish               this               both               by               assisting               in               the               articulation               of               the               films'               messages,               and               assisting               the               protagonist               attorneys               in               pursuing               justice.
               [1]               THE               VERDICT               (Twentieth               Century-Fox               Film               Corporation               1982).
               [2]               "Morality"               is               defined               as               "1.

Conformity               with               recognized               rules               of               correct               conduct.

2.

The               character               of               being               virtuous,               esp.

in               sexual               matters.

3.

A               system               of               duties;               ethics."               Black's               Law               Dictionary               [456]               (2nd               Pocket               Ed.

2001).
               [3]               "Legal               ethics"               is               defined               as               "1.

The               standards               of               minimally               acceptable               conduct               within               the               legal               profession,               involving               the               duties               that               its               members               owe               one               another,               their               clients,               and               the               courts.

2.

The               study               or               observance               of               those               duties.

3.

The               written               regulations               governing               those               duties.

See               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROFESSIONAL               CONDUCT."               Black's               Law               Dictionary               [409]               (2nd               Pocket               Ed.

2001).
               [4]               "Justice"               is               defined               as               "The               fair               and               proper               administration               of               laws."               Black's               Law               Dictionary               [391]               (2nd               Pocket               Ed.

2001).
               [5]               "Ethical"               is               defined               as               "1.

Of               or               relating               to               moral               obligations               that               one               person               owes               another;               esp.,               in               law,               of               or               relating               to               legal               ethics.

2.

In               conformity               with               moral               norms               or               standards               of               professional               conduct."               Black's               Law               Dictionary               [248]               (2nd               Pocket               Ed.

2001).
               [6]               JAGGED               EDGE               (Columbia               Pictures               Corporation               1985).
               [7]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

3.3               (2007).
               [8]               Id.
               [9]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.8(j)               (2007)
               [10]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

7.3               (2007).
               [11]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

7.2               and               R.

7.3               (2007).
               [12]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.2,               R.

1.3               and               R.

1.4               (2007).
               [13]               Id.
               [14]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.2               (2007).
               [15]               (Jan               Schlictman's               morality               was               underscored               when               he               constantly               deviated               from               the               advice               and               wishes               of               his               team               of               partners               and               pursued               the               case).

A               CIVIL               ACTION               (Touchstone               Pictures               1998).
               [16]               ANATOMY               OF               A               MURDER               (Carlyle               Productions               1959).
               [17]               A               FEW               GOOD               MEN               (Castle               Rock               Entertainment               1992).
               [18]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.2               and               R.

3.3               (2007).
               [19]TO               KILL               A               MOCKINGBIRD               (Brentwood               Productions               1962).
               [20]               "Vigilante"               is               defined               as               "A               person               who               seeks               to               avenge               a               crime               by               taking               the               law               into               his               or               her               own               hands."               Black's               Law               Dictionary               [750]               (2nd               Pocket               Ed.

2001).
               [21]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               Preamble               (2007).
               [22]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.16               (2007).
               [23]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               Preamble               (2007).
               [24]               THE               FIRM               (Paramount               Pictures               1993).
               [25]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.5               (2007).
               [26]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

3.3               (2007).
               [27]               MODEL               RULES               OF               PROF'L               CONDUCT               R.

1.6               (2007).
               [28]               STAR               WARS               (Lucasfilm               1977);               STAR               WARS:               EPISODE               V               -               THE               EMPIRE               STRIKES               BACK               (Lucasfilm               1980);               STAR               WARS:               EPISODE               II               -               ATTACK               OF               THE               CLONES               (Lucasfilm               2002);               STAR               WARS:               EPISODE               III               -               REVENGE               OF               THE               SITH               (Lucasfilm               2005).






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